Title : Microplastics in cosmetic and personal-care products: Integrating green chemistry and ESG perspectives under the REACH 2023/2055 framework
Abstract:
Microplastics (MPs) defined as solid polymer particles ≤ 5 mm in size that are insoluble in water; remain an often overlooked yet persistent component of cosmetic and personal-care products (CPCPs). Their extensive use as exfoliants, texturizers, and stabilizers has contributed to global plastic pollution, as these polymers resist degradation and frequently escape conventional wastewater treatment systems. Mounting scientific evidence has prompted major policy actions, notably the European Union’s REACH Regulation (2023/2055), which restricts the intentional addition of MPs in rinse-off formulations. Nevertheless, significant research gaps remain concerning leave-on products, nanoplastic fractions (< 0.1 µm), and the enforcement of regulatory definitions that distinguish persistent micro- and nanopolymers from degradable or water-soluble alternatives.
This review critically synthesizes analytical and regulatory advances related to cosmetic-derived MPs. It consolidates findings from 2015–2025 literature on their occurrence, characterization, and environmental fate, while aligning these insights with the Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry and Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) criteria. The proposed analytical framework assesses polymer persistence, solubility, and life-cycle transparency, integrating quantitative Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) such as the percentage of persistent polymer content per product, the plastic-leakage factor, and supplier-traceability scores. This evidence-based approach enables cross-industry comparison and highlights opportunities for material substitution using biodegradable biopolymers (e.g., PLA, PHA) and natural abrasives.
Particular attention is given to the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, including Jordan, where limited regulatory infrastructure and dependence on imported products exacerbate exposure risks. Insufficient wastewater treatment and the reuse of sludge in agriculture may facilitate the re-entry of CPCP-derived MPs into food and water cycles. By identifying these regional vulnerabilities, the review advocates for a harmonized policy roadmap linking European REACH requirements with locally feasible testing and labeling strategies.
Furthermore, the paper introduces an ESG–Microplastic Index and a Decision Matrix connecting polymer chemistry to compliance pathways, assisting companies in quantifying progress toward circular-economy goals. Integrating chemistry, regulation, and sustainability governance reframes the microplastic debate—from pollution control toward proactive design and corporate accountability. Ultimately, this review establishes a science-based foundation for sustainable reformulation and transparent reporting, aligning cosmetic innovation with the EU Green Deal and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 3, 6, 12, and 13).
