Abstract
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The increasing demand for sustainable and high-performance lubricants in the automotive industry has led to a growing interest in bio-lubricants as eco-friendly alternatives to conventional petroleum-based lubricants. Despite their advantages, such as biodegradability, lower toxicity, and reduced environmental impact, bio-lubricants often suffer from limitations, including poor thermal stability, oxidative degradation, and suboptimal tribological performance. To address these challenges, this study investigates the incorporation of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, such as graphene, molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂), and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), as advanced additives to enhance the efficiency and durability of bio-lubricants. The research focuses on the synthesis and characterization of these nanomaterials, their dispersion stability in bio-lubricant formulations, and their impact on crucial lubricant properties such as friction reduction, wear resistance, load-carrying capacity, thermal stability, and oxidative durability. The results indicate that 2D nanomaterials significantly improve the tribological and thermal properties of bio-lubricants. The modified bio-lubricants also exhibit high biodegradability (>80%), reinforcing their environmental sustainability while maintaining superior lubrication performance under extreme operating conditions. This study highlights the potential of 2D nanomaterials as next-generation bio-lubricant additives, offering a promising solution to improve the efficiency, longevity, and sustainability of lubricants in automotive applications.
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