Title : Quantum nanotechnologies in water systems
Abstract:
Quantum nanotechnology is a field of nanotechnology research based on quantum mechanics. In quantum nanotechnologies, attention is paid to the use of quantum natural phenomena in nanomaterials and nanosystems. Such nanomaterials include quantum dots, quantum wells [2], quantum wires [3], graphene [4], and others. The properties of such objects are due to quantum size effects. If the systems contain nano sized water, then the properties of the quantum material are complicated by the quantum properties of water. A simple example of such a technology is the determination of the temperature of the minimum isothermal compressibility of water by measuring the fluorescence intensity of a dispersion of water + quantum dots 1–2 nm in diameter [5]. The dispersion of water + quantum dots with a diameter of 4 nm does not show such an emergent property. A more complex example is the determination of the total amount of 42 million proteins in a baker's yeast cell using the green fluorescent protein GFP [6]. The dynamics of molecules of two or three shells of water about 1 nm in size around the GFP protein is 2–10 times slower than in the bulk of water [7]. Such superfluid water can be found in some nanochannels during its filtration. The example shows how the fundamental quantum properties of water can be applied in unexpected different technologies. Certain proteins are markers of many disorders in human cells and, therefore, the emergence of diseases - Alzheimer's, allergies, diabetes, obesity and stress. The nuclear quantum effect [8], introduced by water into ensembles of nanosystems, makes it possible to control their technological properties by changing pH, adding inorganic electrolytes, introducing ultrasonic, electromagnetic, and magnetic energy, changing temperature, pressure, and modifying the surface of solid nanoparticles.
Small water systems in a human cell have an approximate size of 4–6 nm [9]. Water plays a significant role in the structure and functioning of a biological cell [10–15], but the quantum role of water has not yet been elucidated. In the description of COVID infection and treatment [16], the role of water is dispensed with. The concept of coherence raised to the shield [17] in photosynthesis is being revised. After revision [18], it became clear that there is no equivalence between the quantumness of processes and the coherences observed in femtosecond spectroscopy experiments in photosynthesis. Even the very fundamental question of whether transient bonds in photosynthetic systems can be excited by sunlight still awaits full clarification. The role of thermodynamic parameters in the control of biological functions is well appreciated at different levels. This simple concept, assimilated by nature in all relevant time and space dimensions, is truly a marvel of biology. Thus, there is hope that in the quantum technologies of the nature of its complex objects, one can find ways of a “simple” solution to the problems necessary for man.
